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The time taken to check the radio in receive mode WakeUp, is one of the most important reasons for power consumption which in most the cases can lead to negative WakeUp in Radio Duty-Cycles and ContikiMAC especially. ContikiMAC is a low-power Radio Duty-Cycle protocol in Contiki OS that uses Clear Channel Assessments (CCA) to check radio status periodically.
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However, recognizing and controlling the factors affecting radio activity can be valuable for managing node power. The radio activity in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and Internet of Things (IoT) applications are the most common reason for power consumption.
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The simulation results in the Cooja simulator show that LW-CCA reduces about 8% energy consumption in nodes while maintaining up to 99% of the packet delivery rate (PDR). Then, we propose lightweight CCA (LW-CCA) as an extension to ContikiMAC to reduce the percentage of Radio Duty-Cycles in false WakeUps and idle listenings by using dynamic received signal strength indicators (RSSI) status check time. This paper presents a detailed analysis of radio WakeUp time factors of ContikiMAC. It can lead to false WakeUp or idle listening in Radio Duty-Cycles and ContikiMAC.
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The time spent to check the radio is of utmost importance for monitoring power consumption. ContikiMAC is a low-power Radio Duty-Cycle protocol in Contiki OS used in WakeUp mode, which is a clear channel assessment (CCA) to check radio status periodically. However, recognizing and controlling the factors affecting radio operation can be valuable for managing the node power consumption. The radio operation in wireless sensor networks (WSN) in the Internet of Things (IoT) applications are the most common source for power consumption. The simulation results in the Cooja simulator show that LW‐CCA reduces about 8% energy consumption in nodes while maintaining up to 99% of the packet delivery rate (PDR). Furthermore, we propose a lightweight CCA (LW‐CCA) as an extension to ContikiMAC to reduce the Radio Duty‐Cycles in false WakeUps and idle listening though using dynamic received signal strength indicator (RSSI) status check time. ContikiMAC is a low‐power radio duty‐cycle protocol in Contiki OS used in WakeUp mode, as a clear channel assessment (CCA) for checking radio status periodically. It can lead to false WakeUp or idle listening in radio duty cycles and ContikiMAC. Among essential factors affecting radio operation, the time spent for checking the radio is of utmost importance for monitoring power consumption. Consequently, recognizing and controlling the factors affecting radio operation can be valuable for managing the node power consumption. The radio operation in wireless sensor networks (WSN) in Internet of Things (IoT)applications is the most common source for power consumption. Our experimental results, both in simulation and with real nodes, show when the traffic is dense, networks with directional antennas can significantly outperform networks with omnidirectional ones in terms of packet delivery rate, energy consumption, and energy per received packet. We focus on convergecast investigating a large number of different network topologies. We modify the Medium Access Control (MAC), routing, and neighbor discovery mechanisms to support directional communication. In this article, we introduce novel cross-layer optimizations to fully utilize the benefits of using directional antennas. This is mainly because earlier studies have used directionality for transmissions but not for reception. However, current literature questions the benefits of using ESD antennas in WSNs due to the increased likelihood of hidden terminals and increased power consumption. One example of directional antennas are electronically switched directional (ESD) antennas that can easily be integrated into Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) due to their small size and low cost. The use of directional antennas for wireless communications brings several benefits, such as increased communication range and reduced interference.